It picks up every card I lay and goes out in under two rounds! Not random enough! 4 people found this review helpful. The winner of each round scores points based on the remaining cards in the opponent's hand, and the game continues through multiple rounds until a predetermined point total is reached. Gin Rummy adheres to the rules documented in Hoyle's Rules Of Games, and provides common rule variations. Gin Rummy is a matching type card game and popular variant of the Rummy, played with a standard french deck of 52 cards. and so on. Each hand requires sequences and/or sets of cards to be built. Round 6: One set of 3 cards and two runs of 4 cards. Please refer to the following links for how to play multiplayer games. Read More: History of Gin Rummy. A clockwise rotation picks the cards, and often you are playing online where there’s only one dealer. This game is rendered. With more than five players, you must use two decks of cards and a hand of seven cards. Canasta (/ k ə ˈ n æ s t ə /; Spanish for "basket") is a card game of the rummy family of games believed to be a variant of 500 Rum. 1. Shuffle 2–3 decks of cards together. Sort your cards to form sets and runs, keep an eye on your opponent and use the right. Players will have to form a specific amount of (a set of three) and (sequence of four or more in the same suit) in order to go out and end the hand. Then you discard a card, facing up, to the discard pile. Rummy smileifyourhappy crowns scorecard requires scoringGin Rummy - Offline Card Games has an APK download size of 49. Windows 10 version 19041. Set Up. While playing this particular version of Gin Rummy, I'd noticed on many occasions, after I would discard a card and the computer (opponent) has NOT chosen my discarded card from the discard pile, and after just a few more cards have been chosen andor discarded during play, the very same card that I'd discarded. One group of 3 and 1 group of 4. The game is played over several rounds. g. THE CARDS & THE DEAL. A single round in Pinochle consists of 6. Gin Rummy is a Rummy variation for two players. Gin Rummy is usually played over several rounds until one player gets more than 100 points and wins the game. The safety zone is the area between the promotion and demotion zones. The first person to score 100 is the winner. 1. It's one of the most famous card games in the world and can be played both online and offline. Gin Rummy Gin rummy is one of the many variants of rummy. 99 USD. What is the probability to draw 10 cards such that all the cards are part of some meld? statistics; gin-rummy; Cohensius. The preliminary qualifying rounds saw the card sharps playing 16 one-on-one games to 200 points (a gin or an under-knock was worth 25), with all 11-game winners advancing to the quarterfinals and earning a slice of. In Gin-Rummy, in the start of a round players draw 10 cards. Developed by Luckyo Limited, Gin Rummy: Win Real Money is a Card game with a content rating of 17+. Gin Rummy Classic is the purest mobile version of the game enjoyed by millions around the world. Gin Rummy. Gin rummy is a classic two-player card game that blends skill and strategy. So the players aim to build sets (A♦ A♠. Many thanks go to Nicu Buculei, who created the excellent playing card images that I use for the game. Deal the cards. 15%: 2 star: 6%: 1 star: 17%:. Knocking is possible as soon as a player has 10 deadwood or less in their hand. Liverpool Rummy; Shanghai Rummy; King Rummy; 12-Step Rummy; Other Contract-like Games. Create a hand with lower points than your opponent and earn a higher game score. The game is played over several rounds until one paly reaches 100 points. ♥8 ♠8 ♦8, or runs, which are three or more cards of the same suit in a sequence, e. The objective is to combine sets of card sequences from the same suit or same rank and score an agreed number of points. g. Scoring differs from regular Gin in that Aces are worth 15 points (instead of 1 point). Round 3: 5 cards. iPhone. What Are The Rounds Of Rummy? Each game of rummy has seven rounds with unique rules applicable to every single hand. not 10. Here’s an example of a completed game where points are worth $0. 2. Winning The goal of the Gin Rummy card game is to form sets and sequences in your hand. With two players, 10 cards each. At the end of the game’s seven rounds, the player with the least cumulative score wins the game. You pick a card—either the top card from the draw pile or the top card from the discard pile. A round of gin rummy instantly comes to an end when a player "knocks. The objective is to form sets of cards (either runs or sets of the same rank) and minimize the value of unmatched cards in your hand. 2. It is an unparalleled game play experience!. How to unlock the Rummy Buff achievement in Gin Rummy: Earn over 50,000 Total Points. Free. If the deck is more than halfway gone, your opponent has probably gotten rid of the worst deadwood, so knocking with 10. 00 out of 5) Crazy rummy is a rummy style card game for 3 to 6 players. If you have 5–8 players, then use 3 decks and 2 jokers for a total of 158 cards. Each card can only be part of one set or run, for example if you have a 4, it cannot be a part of both 4. The objective is to form sets of cards (either runs or sets of the same rank) and minimize the value of unmatched cards in your hand. Gin Rummy has a rich user interface with many customizable visual, audio, and game options. Rummy is played with a standard 52-card deck. Here, too, the round’s end can be triggered by knocking or by the draw pile running out. Step-by-Step Guide of How to Play Gin Rummy. Five hands are played, starting with 6 cards and increasing to 10 cards in the final hand. asked Apr 28, 2020 at 15:56. Gin has two types of meld: Sets of 3 or 4 cards sharing the same rank, e. The following are the first meld combinations for each round: Round 1: Two sets of 3 cards. Contract Rummy. Deck: Use a standard 52-card deck: An Ace is always the low card in Oklahoma Gin; it cannot be used as a high card. The objective is to form sets of cards (either runs or sets of the same rank) and minimize the value of unmatched cards in your hand. The distinctive feature of 500 rum is that each player scores the value of the sets or cards they meld. This is the primary difference between the two games. They can choose to take either the top card of the deck or the card that is face up next to the deck. In Oklahoma game mode, this sets the score for the round (apart from line bonus) to be doubled if the first upcard of the round is a spade. This game aims to make valid sets from a 13-card set given to every player on. Safety zone. Contract Rummy is played with two standard decks of 52 cards, plus jokers. On average, the rake. Gin Rummy Classic, Oklahoma, Straight rummy and Hollywood Gin! Gin Rummy card game is a form of the rummy game where players place cards into sets and runs. Always be sure to clarify the. Enter the length or pattern for better results. Shanghai Rummy is a variation of Contract Rummy. , Standard, 500, Gin, 7-Card, etc. Gin rummy is a timeless classic that owes its long-lived popularity to the phenomenal balance between simplicity of gameplay mechanics and a constant supply of thrilling and highly consequential choice-making. Who starts the next round? Stack Exchange Network. Scoring Explained. In your turn you can swap one or all cards with the open cards. The player with the best score at that time wins the Gin Rummy card game online. With three different scoring modes and customizable themes, this game provides hours of enjoyment. It has enjoyed widespread popularity as both a social and a gambling game, especially during the mid twentieth century, and remains today one of the most widely-played two-player card games. A player must pick up a card from the discard or stock pile before going Gin. Grand Gin Rummy 2 is free to play but some additional game items can be bought inside the game. The general consensus seems to be: not much more interesting than normal Rummy, perhaps more random, and slightly long. You keep playing rounds of Gin until one of you scores a total of 100 points. Are you a new player? Try Easy mode and learn the game. The player other than the dealer picks a card from the draw pile and discards one of his cards. Round 5: 7 cards. This application does not include cheat codes. He has to play that card first, but it can be part of a combination. While an individual player starts as the dealer for the 1st round, the player positioned beside the dealer becomes the dealer in the second round – every player is given ten cards for four rounds initially, and then the number is increased to 12 for the final three rounds. e. Gin Scoring: A player who goes Gin scores a bonus 20 points. Object of the Game. Gin Rummy is now available for mobile phones and tablets with its high quality graphics and game play. We play too much. Gin rummy is a classic two-player card game that blends skill and strategy. These melds are: Round 1 – Two 3-card Kinds; Round 2 – One 3-card Kind and one 4-card run; Round 3 – Two 4. Exception: An ace melded with the 2 and 3 of the same suit as part of a sequence meld (see below) scores 1 point instead of 15. If Player 1 (the ‘knocker’) has deadwood of 9 and knocks to end the hand. In this game, you keep your cards hidden until it’s over. The player with the lowest value of. Invite your friends for an exciting round or challenge fellow players to compete for fantastic rewards, including exclusive themed collectibles. This, however, is only true if the cards that are left unarranged have a total points value of 10 or lower. The object of the game is to meld sets or runs of three or more cards in order to reduce the number of points in their hand. Unlike other card games like Hearts that revolve around taking or avoiding tricks, Gin Rummy is a draw-and-discard game. Features: Simple Gameplay: Gin rummy has straightforward rules, making it easy for players to learn and enjoy. If the player gets rid of all deadwood through fusion, gin will appear. 3. Play Gin Rummy card game for free in your desktop or mobile browser. 99 to $99. Deal 11 cards per player per hand. The Melds. Knocking and Going Gin: If your unmatched cards (deadwood) total 10 points or fewer, you can "knock" to end the round. It’s usually 25 points, but I’ve also seen 15 points and 20 points in some versions of the game. Round 2: One Trio, One Straight. You may have 3 melds of which two are sets and one is a run. The remaining cards are then placed face-down in a stock pile. you can only build onto your own melds; the number of cards dealt increases in later rounds to accommodate larger assignments; and each round everybody proceeds to the next. The player to the direct right of the dealer is responsible for cutting the deck. Liverpool Rummy has seven rounds so that the game can last a while. Also known locally as Paplu, this is generally considered a cross between the gin rummy and the rummy 500 variations. 39 Mb. If the game is using more than one deck then a set usually can not have more than one card with the same suit. The same rules for the draw pile apply as in Two-Player Gin Rummy. 10 each. Then you put your cards face-up on the table, and your opponents can add cards to their sets to get more points. A popular game in Jamaica, this variant can have as many decks as players. The objective in gin rummy is to score points and reach an agreed number of points or more, usually 100, before the opponent does. It’s influenced by the classic card game called Rummy, but what makes this game different is it uses colorful cards instead of the Anglo-American suits. Two groups of 3s. Gin Rummy or Gin is a traditional card matching game that requires 2 players and a standard 52 playing card deck with Kings high and Aces low. This is how to play Gin Rush, a two player rummy card game. The player with the 3 of spades starts the first round of the game. A player can end the round by "knocking" if the unmatched cards in their hand total 10 points or less. The objective of Gin Rummy is for two players to form. The cards are ranked (hi) K-Q-J-7-6-5-4-3-2 (lo). If more than one player scores 500, the player with the highest score will be declared winner of the game. According to the rummy rules, 2 player game, or rummy for 3 players, each person gets 10 cards. Example 2. All other cards are worth their number values. The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "gin rummy action", 7 letters crossword clue. It is best to use two decks, so that while one player deals the cards, the opponent can shuffle the other deck. I'm good at gin. How Do We Score in Contract Rummy & Win. What is the probability to draw 10 cards such that all the cards are part of some meld?. Now you can play with a really smart opponent that will auto-adjust to your. For example, if your opponents hand is as such (8,8,8. The ultimate rummy experience: Play with your friends by forming clubs and entering challenges to win amazing prizes and unlock. Aces are worth 1 point. Unlike Gin Rummy, the underlying demands grow more demanding as the game progresses. The different Rummy games available at KickRummy include Deals Rummy, Points Rummy & Pool Rummy (101 & 201). So for example K-A-2 is a valid 3-card sequence. The game of canasta and several other games are believed to have developed from this popular form of rummy. The round the corner rummy variation is also known as continuity rummy. To win Rummy 500, one player must reach 500 points, over multiple rounds of play. 5. It is an unparalleled game play experience! Now with 7 unique themes and great daily challenges! Customize your game to your liking and come back every day for a new chance to earn additional coins and unlock the latest theme!Play Microsoft Bubble, a great bubble shooter game where you aim and shoot bubbles to match and eliminate them, or a Zuma-style game like Totemia. King is high and Ace is always the low card in Gin Rummy. Deadwood is the Gin term for unmatched cards in. Rummy is the most popular matching type card game played with a french deck of 52 cards. . Thank you! Gin rummy is a classic two-player card game that blends skill and strategy. This card is often referred to as upcard or up card. That means all 52 cards will be dealt before the game begins. The game continues till the winner reaches the final score goal which usually is 100 points. The dealer then deals out the appropriate number of cards to each player, depending on the number of players in the game. Liverpool Rummy is a very strategic card game, and if you’re a beginner, winning could take some luck. Once the table is completely empty the game has been won. You can not make “round the corner” melds with Aces, such as K-A-2. Gin Rummy or Gin is among the best two-handed card games. Thus, for the first player to make a Gin on the first turn, she must take the face-up card and arrange at least 10 out of the 11 cards in melds. Contract Rummy. Like in other rummy games, your goal is to meld cards in sets and runs. Rummy 500 offers four levels of difficulty, 6 unique game modes as well as extensive statistics tracking. 8. In each round, each player is dealt ten cards. The principal differences between Shanghai Rummy and Contract Rummy are: There are ten rounds. According to the most commonly played Rummy 500 rules, points are scored for cards that are melded, and. ♥8 ♠8 ♦8, or runs, which are three or more cards of the same suit in a sequence, e. Architecture. Thus, for the first player to make a Gin on the first turn, she must take the face-up card and arrange at least 10 out of the 11 cards in melds. Line bonus: The winner receives 15 points. CARD GAMES Crazy Eights Cribbage Euchre Gin Rummy Go Fish Hearts Idiot Lockup Manni Oh Hell!. Pin on Card Games. Sets are cards of the same rank, but from a different suit. Gin Rummy. The Gin Rummy scoring is determined by the sum of the deadwood cards. Indian Rummy: Indian Rummy, also known as Paplu or 13 Card Rummy, is a popular variant of rummy commonly played in India. Gin Rummy. An American card game distributed by Mattel and created by Kenneth Johnson in 1982 is Phase 10. If the game is using more than one deck then a set usually can not have more than one card with the same suit. Each player is attempting to collect a hand of either three plus sequential cards, such as a jack, queen, king hand, or collect a hand of three to four of a kind, such as three or four queens. Gin Rummy is a classic card game where players place their cards into sets and runs and knock when they have 10 or fewer pips of deadwood in their hand. A player can call “Rummy” when a discard could have been laid off. Sets. The winner collects points from the deadwood in the loser’s hand. For example: In a round with 10 cards per player, if the first 3 players have all bid 3, then the final player cannot bid 1, since that would make the combined bids 3+3+3+1=10, the same number of tricks that are available in the round. Shanghai Rummy is a variation of Contract Rummy. PROGRESSIVE RUMMY. Gin Rummy is a classic two player card game where you and your opponent compete to form melds of cards. The player with the lowest score loses the round. 10 points Aces: 15 points 2s= 20 Points Joker: 25 points Sequence of hands. Contract Rummy is a version developed over Gin Rummy wherein there are multiple uses of a deck of 54 cards. Number of Players: 3 to 8; each plays for himself (no partnerships). By discarding and picking cards, players. 99 USD. Example: (9 ♠, 9 ♣, 9 ♦, 9 ♥) (J ♣, Q ♣, K ♣) (A ♥, 2 ♥, 3 ♥) Mind that a single card can’t be a part of a set and a run. The game is played over several rounds until one paly. A few players go further and allow "round the corner" runs with an ace in the middle (K-A-2), but this is unusual. The game is played over several rounds until one paly reaches 100 points. In addition to, or instead of, the rules for Contract Rummy the following items are relevant for 12-Step Rummy: Players may draw either the top card from the stock pile or the top card from the discard pile, but 1 card must be picked up before commencing play and 1 card must be discarded at the end of his or her turn. Playing: Knock Rummy plays like Gin Rummy, except that players do not have to gin to stop play. If either player reaches this threshold, the game ends, and that player wins. Round 3: Two runs of 4 cards. Play the best free games on MSN Games: Solitaire, word games, puzzle, trivia, arcade, poker, casino, and more!For playing a round of gin rummy, you will need the following things, Two players. Players agree beforehand on a winning amount of points, typically 100. This app let's you play a round of Gin Rummy against different characters of different skill. But these are not: 9-9-9-9 9-9-6-9 9-9. Experienced players can enjoy the Medium and Hard modes. The game is played over several rounds until one paly reaches 100 points. In this variation, you can make a meld by going all the way around the deck. Everyone draws one card, the high card deals, and the subsequent deals are passed to the left. Player with the highest score wins the round. Use a standard 52-card deck. To win, you need to get the lowest score after all rounds/ deals have been played. Gin Rummy is played with a 52 card deck, the wild cards (jokers) are not used. Gin Rummy is actually just like “Knock Rummy,” but it is played by only two people. In Contract Rummy a minimum of 4 cards is required to form a run, instead of the usual 3 cards in most other Rummy games. One player begins as dealer. Use a standard deck of fifty-two cards to play. Pointers For Gin Rummy Rounds. Check Details. On the first turn the player decide to either pickup the face-up card or pass the turn. It was released on 7th August 2022 with the latest update 6th May 2023Gin Rummy. Shanghai Rummy. ( 2 votes, average: 3. ♠ Get free chips after every few minutes as a magic box bonus. During each round, players aim to create given card sets or combinations that allow them to end the round and continue to the next one. Thank you! Gin rummy is a classic two-player card game that blends skill and strategy. Gin rummy is popular in the North America and is also known as just gin. Now, if you fail to meet either one of the requirements mentioned above, then, in that case, you can always find an online alternative to the game. Gin Rummy: Win Real Money is one of the best Free to play game in the App Store. When one or more players' score totals 150 or more, the game ends. This makes for a higher deadwood point count — and significant incentive to hold out and try to Gin. The player selects his or her card from the shuffle. Test your Gin Rummy skills in this fun version of the popular two-player card game! Choose between different opponents, each with a different playing style, select one who matches your skill level and try to earn the most points. Also, explore links to free online versions and other card game resources. Join us at the deluxe Grand Gin Rummy hotel for a free round of the classic multiplayer card game you grew up with and love. A player knocks after drawing the top card from the stock or the top card from the discard pile and before. If an ace is played as a low card, such as a A-2-3 run, then it will have a. The most common way to select a dealer is to have all the players draw a single card. Hollywood Gin Rummy Play. Even though this game is played with tiles rather than cards, this is a true Rummy game, featuring many of the elements common to all Rummy games, including the goal of making melds of three or. Both are ad free. Knock, under most conditions, should be utilized at the first opportunity, with a few exceptions: When the odds are in favor of your going out in a game, or obtaining enough score to catch up to your opponent. Indian. Very fun 3-round game. Before the appearance of gin rummy, it was described as "an excellent game for two players, quite different from any other in its principles and requiring very close. The game is played over several rounds until one paly reaches 100 points. I’ve just screenrecorded 30 rounds where the same cards were. Last updated on May 30th, 2023 at 11:15 pm. Also, face cards are worth 10 points each; number cards are worth their face value; an Ace is worth one point. The game pans out over multiple rounds. Round 4: 6 cards. Player 1 scores 7 points and it is added to their cumulative score. When three people play gin rummy, the dealer deals to the other two players but does not take part in the play. 5/10/15 card values: To make scoring simpler the cards 2-9 can be given a value of 5 instead of their face value. Written by John Taylor, an expert in card games. ) where players have to group cards of the same rank and/or create sequences in the same suit. When the stock is emptied, it is considered an immediate end to the round. A random dealer is chosen first and then dealer rotates each hand clockwise. Crescent Solitaire Rules. Thank you! Gin rummy is a classic two-player card game that blends skill and strategy. If there are 3 or 4 players then 7 cards, 5 or 6 players get 6 cards each. Begin each round with the player to the left of the dealer, and continue to play clockwise. 99 to $99. To get started, choose either you or your opponent to be the dealer, and deal out 10. 1. The previous round’s score is added to the total each round. Under traditional rules, the Joker cards are removed. Gin has two types of meld: Sets of 3 or 4 cards sharing the same rank, e. Gin Rummy is played in turns. Discard the cards you don't think will be useful at creating these combinations. The loser of each hand deals the next, which is therefore played between the winner and the dealer of the previous hand. 25 points (10 in variants) Gin. Architecture. Each player is dealt a certain number of cards from the deck. Although many variations exist for two, three, five or six players, it is most. Gin Rummy is played with a standard 52-card pack of cards. e. Round 6: Two Straights, One Trio. The rules of most games in the Rummy family demand that each card is the same. 4: 4 points each. Using brute force which checked for Gin each of. Made by MobilityWare - original creator of Solitaire (300,000,000+ downloads) - this easy to learn card game is perfect for fun and relaxation. You can play to 100 or 250 points, depending on how long you want the contest to last. Play Classic Gin Rummy Online for Free Game Features. From Rummy-Talk: When to Knock, Play for Gin, or Underknock. 5/10/15 card values: To make scoring simpler the cards 2-9 can be given a value of 5 instead of their face value. Shanghai Rummy is a type of contract rummy where there are ten rounds of play and in each round players are dealt eleven cards each. Gin Rummy 🃏 is a card game that you can play for fun! Our Poker game offers six different modes for free, including Jokers, Jokers Gin, Big Gin, Rich or Poor, Time Challenge, and Oklahoma. The game goes on until any one of the players has ten or fewer points left. There are different suits in the game, which is similar to playing cards. Deck of cards. 8B possible 10-cards hands. This is called going rummy, and the score for the hand is doubled, or in some versions the winner gets a bonus of 10 points. I digress. Player with the highest score wins the round. The winner of the game will have been the first one to score 100 points by forming combinations with three or more cards. Melds do not count for the overall. Play now the world's Best Classic Gin Rummy Card Game and choose among exciting themes for FREE! Get one card, discard another one. Each normal turn in a round consists of two parts: First, you must take a cardeither the top card from the draw pile or the top card from the discard pile. If the other player’s deadwood cards value is 10, the knocking player scores 4 points. Stats Gin Rummy: Rules Start here and learn how to play Gin Rummy! The classic card game is most popular in the USA and can entertain two players with fast and intense. It is also known as Indian Rummy and is believed to be an extension of Gin Rummy and Rummy 500. Setup: Use a standard 52-card deck. a sequence of 3 or more cards in the same suit. Round 3: Two Straights. e. 2: 2 points each. Set Up: Shuffle the deck and deal ten cards to each player. How To Play Rummy 500. Each player is dealt ten cards. The round-robin tournament, like most organized gin rummy competitions, was set up so the cream would eventually rise to the top. The game is typically played by 2 to 6 players, and the goal is to be the first player to get rid of all the cards. A "set", sometimes called a "book", is a group of 3 or 4 cards, all with the same rank but with different suits. While an individual player starts as the dealer for the 1st round, the player. How to Play Spades: Complete Card Game Rules. Gin Rummy scores knock and ace. When a rummy card game is played for real money, players will agree beforehand on how much a point is worth and will settle the score at the end. In the first four rounds, each player deals with 10 cards and for the last 3 rounds, each player deals with 12 cards. As previously explained, all the face cards and Aces will earn a player 10 points. g. Each player is dealt 13 tiles, and they must collect groups of the same tile. Grand. The player with the lowest value of. Play Gin Rummy, the classic card game that never goes out of style, for free here at Game4. Round 5: Two sets of 3 cards and one run of 4 cards. However, we recommend sticking to traditional designs so every player can quickly tell the suits apart. In this variation, you can make a meld by going all the way around the deck. Play the best Gin Rummy card game, made by MobilityWare, the maker of your favorite solitaire games. How to Play 7 Card Rummy The Deal. Deal ten cards to each player with the cards face down. Play and connect with other players. Groups (also books or sets) consist of three to four cards of the same rank but different suits. Gin Rummy ⋆ Classic Card Game for FREE is one of the most popular card games ever. In each round (known as a ‘hand’) the ultimate aim of each player is to get rid of all their cards, before any other player. For example, the the knocker has a deadwood total of 8, and the opponent has a deadwood count of 3, the opponent receives a score of 15 (8 - 3 + 10) and the knocker receives no points. com : The rules detailed below are representative of all Contract Rummy games, though there are numerous regional and local variations even among games with the same name. 2. In progressive rummy, each player is dealt six cards in the first deal, seven cards in the second deal and so on with one more card per hand in each successive deal. Round 10: 12 cards. 5: 5 points each. Rummy 500 (also known as Persian Rummy, Pinochle Rummy, 500 Rum, 500 Rummy) is a popular Rummy game which is similar to straight Rummy but distinct in the sense that players may draw more. When three people play gin rummy, the dealer deals to the other two players but does not take part in the play. x86, x64, ARM, ARM64. ♥A ♥2 ♥3. The final objective is to be the first to terminate the cards and score the accorded game points. Impeccable Reputation: Grand Gin Rummy 2 is the highest rated Gin Rummy app on the App Store! Download it today and discover why players adore our exceptional gaming experience. 2. The game is played over several rounds until one paly reaches 100 points. Points are calculated by counting the score of the revealed melds for each player, then subtracting the score of the unmelded cards in hand. Four people can play as two partnerships. In games of experts, or at least experienced players, how often a round ends in a draw? I would like to get an estimation of an expert.